tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1943718382921797822024-02-08T05:56:16.630-08:00Penanganan Limbah B3Assalamualaikum,Wr,wb
Semoga kesejahteraan, rahmat dan berkah Allah senantiasa
Dengan datangnya blogger ini saya akan sedikit berbagi kepada orang yang bingung mencari bagaimana sih, caranya menangani limbah? nah, kali ini akan sedikit terjawaab di blogger ini. Selamat membaca, semoga berguna dan bermanfaat bagi sesama, Amin.
akhir kata saya ucapkan terimakasih.
wassalamualaikum,Wr,Wbbung bidinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17439138388813085854noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-194371838292179782.post-38181202657288997712011-12-28T23:31:00.001-08:002011-12-28T23:31:47.890-08:00STRUKTUR KAYU<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">KONSEP-DESING-PERENCANAAN-DETAIL</span></b></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>MATERIAL KAYU</b></span><br />
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<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-top: 4.32pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.5in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bangunan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didapatkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tumbauhan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">alami</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">saja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">salah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pertama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sejarah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">umat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memungkinkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> paling </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akhir</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">nantinya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></b></span></div><b> </b><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">negarayang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> kaya </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kualitasnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemakai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">konstruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dikembangkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">walaupun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">saat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menyukai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beton</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">struktur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bangunan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></b></div><div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.92in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.42in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Pemakaian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sepesat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemakaian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beton</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disebabkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">: </span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>a.<span style="font-family: Arial;">panjang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbatas</span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>b.<span style="font-family: Arial;">Kekuatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">relatif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kecil</span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>c.<span style="font-family: Arial;">Penampang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kecil</span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>d.<span style="font-family: Arial;">Mudah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbakar</span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>e.<span style="font-family: Arial;">Mudah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terpengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">zat-zat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kimia</span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>f.<span style="font-family: Arial;">Peka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sekali</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terhadap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air</span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>g.<span style="font-family: Arial;">Sifat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kembang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">susutnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">b</span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sifat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">phisis</span></span></b></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lengas</span></span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Diambil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">contoh</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">benda</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">batang</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">menunjukkan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">sifat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> rata-rata </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">batang</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">, </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">hal</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">memilih</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> ( </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">berlainan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> ) </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> minimum </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">diambil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> 5 </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">benda</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">diuji</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">.</span></span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Setelah</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">diambil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> n>5 </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">benda</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">uji</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">segera</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ditimbang</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">penimbangan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">hari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">sekali</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">selama</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">minggu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">. </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Apabila</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">berat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">benda</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">uji</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">menunjukan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">harga</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">tetap</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">naik</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">turun</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">selisih</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">harga</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dianggap</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kering</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">udara</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">.</span></span></b></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Kayu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> di </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">indonesia</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">umumnya</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lengas</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kering</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">udara</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> 12%-18% </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lengas</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> rata </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">rata</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> = 15.</span></span></b></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">tenperatur</span></span></b></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sifat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">penghantar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">panas</span></span></b></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sifat</span></span></span></div></div></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">panghantar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">listrik</span></span></span></div></div></b></span><br />
<div><b></b><br />
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></b></div><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sifat </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kembang</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">susut</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kayu</span></span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sifat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Hygroscopis</span></span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lengas</span></span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Sifat</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Mekanis</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Kayu</span></div><div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.81in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Faktor-faktor</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">memengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">sifat-sifat</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> :</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Berat</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">jenis</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Kadar </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">lengas</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Kecepatan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">pertumbuhan</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Posisi</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">cincin</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">tahun</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Mata </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">kayu</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Retak-retak</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Kemiringan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">arah</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">serat</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Batang</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">pohon</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">mati</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">hidup</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Pengeringan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">alami</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> oven</span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Pengawetan</span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Waktu</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">pembebasan</span></span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">KODE : </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Peraturan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Konstruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Indonesia (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pkk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">) SNI </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2002</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kode</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tambahan</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> ASTM</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> SNI </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pengujian</span></span></span></div></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D 4442-92, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Standart</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> best methods for direct </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maisture</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> content measurement of wood and wood base material</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D9, Terminology relating to wood </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D 2395, Test method for specific </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">grafity</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of wood </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> wood base material</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D4442, Test methods for direct </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mainsture</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> content </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">measuremen</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of wood base material</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI 03-357-1994, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mutu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bangunan</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI 14-2023-1990, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kyu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> lapis </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">struktural</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI 03-3972-1995, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">metode</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengujian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> modulus </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">elastisitas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tekan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kuat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sejajar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">serat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berukuran</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI 03-3974-1992, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">metode</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengujian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> modulus </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">geser</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">konstruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berukuran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">struktural</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI 01-2704-1992, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> lapis </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penggunaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">umum</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI 03-1726-1989, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tata</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perencanaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ketahanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gempa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rumah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gedung</span></span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI 03-1727-1989, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tata</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cra</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perencanaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pembebana</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rumah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span></span></span></div></div></b><b><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; display: inline !important; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 3.84pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gedung</span></span></span></div></div></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #2f1311; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 12px;">MODULUS ELASTISITAS SNI KAYU 2002 PKKI LAMA</span></div><div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Kuat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">acuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">pemilihan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> visual</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pemilihan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> visual </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengikutu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">standar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemilihan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> visual yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baku</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Apabila</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemeriksaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> visual </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengukuran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kuat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berserat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lurus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cacat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dihitung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penggunaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langkah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langkah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berikut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> :</span></span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 3.84pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kerapatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> p </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">basah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> volume </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diukur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">basah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">airnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 30%) </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dihitung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengikuti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">prosedur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baku</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Gunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">satuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> kg/m3 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> p </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air, m%(m<30%), </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diukur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">prosedur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baku</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 3.84pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> p</span></span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-top: 3.84pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">l</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Hitung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> m% (Gb) </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rumus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">: </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Gm</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">=</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-top: 3.36pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Y m</span></span></span></div></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<div style="color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #2f1311; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #2f1311; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #2f1311; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">MODULUS ELASTISITAS SNI KAYU 2002 PKKI LAMA</span></span></span></div><div style="color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #2f1311; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">SNI KAYU 2002</span></span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">serat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lurus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> /</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cacat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">estimasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">nilai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> modulus </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">elastisitas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lentur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengikuti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ketenuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> SNI 03-3527-1994 UDC 691.11 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tentang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> “</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mutu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bangunan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">”, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">estimasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">nilai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> modulus </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">elastisitas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lentur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">acuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tabel</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dibawah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tesebutdengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">nilai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rasio</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tabel</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berikut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bergantung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kelas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mutu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kelas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mutu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ditetapkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengacu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tabel</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kelas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mutu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-weight: bold;">PERATURAN </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-weight: bold;">PEMBEBANAN</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">struktural</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akibat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beban</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beban</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">termasuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbatas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">temperatur,susut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kelembaban</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rangkak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bedapenurunan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ditinjau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perencanaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">struktural</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akibat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beban</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ditimbulkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fluida</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (f) </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (s) </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">genangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air (p) </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">temperatur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (t) </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ditinjau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perencanaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beban</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">: 1,3f; 1,6s; 1,2p; </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1,2t</span></div><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.88pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div></span></span></div><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.38in; margin-top: 3.36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">esar</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div></div>bung bidinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17439138388813085854noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-194371838292179782.post-55455074907944449782011-12-23T21:01:00.000-08:002011-12-23T21:01:58.480-08:00Penanganan Limbah B3<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIMBAH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan penanganan limbah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk menjamin keselamatan manusia dan lingkungan, sekarang dan yang akan datang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Limbah Pertanian<span> </span><span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .4in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span> </span>Limbah Pertanian diartikan sebagai bahan yang dibuang di sector pertanian,misalnya sabut dan tempurung kelapa,jerami dan dedak padi, kulit, tulang pada ternak potong serta jeroan & darah pada ikan. Secara garis besar limbah pertanian itu dibagi ke dalam limbah pra dan saat panen serta limbah pasca panen. Limbah pasca panen juga bisa terbagi dalam kelompok limbah sebelum diolah dan limbah setelah diolah atau limbah industri pertanian. Pengertian limbah pertanian pra panen yaitu materi-materi biologi yang terkumpul sebelum atau sementara hasil utamanya diambil. Sebagai contoh daun, ranting, atau daun yang gugur sengaja atau tidak biasanya dikumpulkan sebagai sampah dan ditangani umumnya hanya dibakar saja. Kotoran ternak umumnya hanya dijadikan pupuk kandang saja walaupun sebenarnya masih bias diolah menjadi bahan bakar langsung, difermentasi menjadi gas bio, media atau campuran media jamur, campuran makanan ternak lainnya (seperti misalnya pada peternakan sistem longyam atau peternakan di atas kolam ikan). Limbah pertanian saat panen cukup banyak berlimpah. Golongan tanaman serealia misalnya yang populer di Indonesia antara lain padi, jagung, dan mungkin sorgum. Sisa potongan bagian bawah jerami padi yang termasuk akar tanaman padi belum digunakan dengan baik, selain bagian ini dirasakan kurang efisien kalau diambil, juga bisa dikembalikan untuk kesuburan tanah. Sawah direndam ,lalu dibajak sehingga sisa tanaman padi ini masuk ke dalam tanah dan dibiarkan membusuk. Potongan atasnya setelah diambil gagang dan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bulir padinya daun dan sebagian batangnya dibakar, dibuat atap, atau dibenamkan ke dalam lumpur untuk pupuk. Daun dan batang atau jerami padi dapat difermentasikan atau dibuat silase jadi pakan ternak ruminansia. Panen jagung menyisakan batang dan daun yang mengering. Sering sisa batang dan daun ini cukup dibakar saja. Demikian juga halnya pada panen sorgum, sisa tanaman jarang dimanfaatkan lebih optimal. Beberapa peternak dapat membuat silase yang terkadang ditambahkan tetes tebu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hampir semua tanaman setahun masih menyisakan sisa tanaman yang sampai sejauh ini hanya dibuang atau dibakar atau dimanfaatkan sebagian untuk makanan ternak, kompos, bibit (misalnya ubi jalar), dan belum ada pemanfaatannya yang lebih baik misalnya diekstrak klorofilnya untuk bahan pewarna makanan dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 115%;">Sisa panen pisang berupa batang, pelepah dan daun di perkebunan pisang perlu dipikirkan cara penanganannya yang lebih baik. Serat batang pisang masih bias dimanfaatkan untuk karung misalnya. Sama halnya di kebun nenas setelah diambil </span></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;">tunas batangnya untuk bibit, sisanya kebanyakan dipotong lalu dibuang walaupun peremajaannya dilakukan setelah tanaman pokok berumur 3-4 tahun bahkan ada yang membiarkannya terus. Serat yang ada di daun-daunnya mungkin masih bisa dimanfaatkan. Limbah pasca panen-pra olah demikian juga cukup banyak seperti</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tempurung, sabut dan air buah pada kelapa, afkiran buah atau sayuran dan hasil lainnya yang rusak atau tidak memenuhi ketentuan kualitas, kulit, darah, jeroan, pada ternak potongan. Demikian pula kepala ikan dan jeroan, kulit kerang/tiram, udang dan ikan, dan banyak lagi macam dan jenisnya yang lain termasuk sampah-sampah basah baik dari rumah tangga maupun pabrik bekas-bekas pembungkus seperti daun pisang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di penggilingan padi limbah bisa dikumpulkan antara lain sekam kasar, dedak, dan menir. Sekam banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengisi untuk pembuatan bata merah, dipakai sebagai bahan bakar, media tanaman hias, diarangkan untuk media hidroponik, diekstrak untuk diambil silikanya sebagai bahan empelas dan lain-lain. Dedak halus digunakan sebagai pakan ternak ayam, bebek atau kuda, sementara menirnya dimanfaatkan sebagai campuran makanan bayi karena kandungan vitamin B1 nya tinggi, makanan burung, dan diekstrak minyaknya menjadi minyak katul (<i>bran oil</i>). Hasil panen jagung menghasilkan limbah dalam bentuk klobot jagung yang bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengemas makanan secara tradisional (wajik, dodol), tongkolnya kurang dimanfaatkan walaupun sebenarnya mungkin masih bisa untuk media jamur atau lainnya. Hasil penggilingan jagung menjadi tepung, lembaganya bisa diekstrak menjadi minyak jagung dan tentu saja ampasnya masih bisa diberdayakan karena kandungan proteinnya dan mungkin lemaknya masih ada. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan jenis dan wujud limbah pertanian terutama limbah industry pertanian dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(a). Limbah padat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(b). Limbah cair<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(c). Limbah gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Limbah Padat</span></b></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Bahan-bahan buangan baik dari limbah pra panen, limbah panen, limbah pasca panen dan limbah industri pertanian yang wujudnya padat dikelompokkan pada limbah padat, contoh : Daun-daun kering, jerami, sabut dan tempurung kelapa, kulit dan tulang dari ternak potong, bulu ayam, ampas tahu, jeroan ikan dan lain sebagainya. Limbah-limbah tersebut di atas kalau dibiarkan menumpuk saja tanpa penanganan tertentu akan menyebabkan/menimbulkan keadaan tidak higienis karena menarik serangga (lalat,kecoa) dan tikus yang seringkali merupakan pembawa berbagai jenis kuman penyakit. Limbah padat dapat diolah menjadi pupuk dan makanan ternak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penanganan Limbah Padat<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode-metode yang akan dilakukan untuk penanganan limbah padat :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"></div><ol style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penimbunan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Insenerasi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuatan Kompos</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daur Ulang</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penimbunan terdapat dua cara yang umum dikenal, yaitu <b><i>penimbunan terbuka dan sanitary landfill.</i></b></span></span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode penimbunan terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Pada metode penimbunan terbuka,Sampah dikumpulkan dan ditimbun begitu saja dalam lubang yang dibuat pada suatu lahan,biasanya di lokasi tempat Pembuangan akhir.Di lahan penimbunan terbuka,berbagai hama dan kuman penyebab penyakit dapat berkembang biak. Gas metan yang dihasilkan oleh pembusukan sampah organik dapat menyebar ke udara sekitar dan menimbulkan bau busuk serta mudah terbakar. Oleh karena itu, metode ini merupakan metode kuno yang sebenarnya tidak memberikan keuntungan. <o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode Sanitary Landfill</span></u></i></b><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada metode sanitary landfill, sampah ditimbun dalam lubang yang dialasi lapisan lempung dan lembaran plastik untuk mencegah perembesan limbah ke tanah. Sampah yang ditimbun dipadatkan, kemudian ditutupi dengan lapisan tanah tipis setiap hari. Kelemahan utama penanganan sampah dengan cara penimbunan adalah cara ini menghabiskan lahan. Sampah akan terus terproduksi sementara lahan untuk penimbunan akan semakin berkurang dan masih ada kemungkinan terjadi kebocoran lapisan sehingga zat-zat berbahaya dapat mencemari tanah serta air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-left: 3in;"><br />
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</div><b><ul style="display: inline !important;"><li style="display: inline !important;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i> </i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Insenerasi</span></i></b></span></li>
</ul></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0in;"><br />
</div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span>Insinerasi adalah pembakaran sampah/limbah <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">padat menggunakan suatu alat yang disebut</span> <b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">insinerator.</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Meski demikian, tidak semua jenis limbah padat dapat dibakar dalam jenis insinerator. Jenis limbah padat yang cocok untuk insinerasi di antaranya adalah kertas, plastik, dan karet. Sedangkan contoh jenis limbah padat yang kurang sesuai untuk insinerasi adalah kaca, sampah makanan, dan baterai. Kelebihan dari proses insinerasi adalah volume sampah berkurang sangat banyak (bisa mencapai 90%). Sedangkan kelemahan utamanya adalah biaya operasi yang mahal. Selain itu, insinerasi menghasilkan asap buangan yang dapat menjadi pencemar udara serta abu hasil pembakaran yang kemungkinan mengandung senyawa berbahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuatan Kompos</span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.0in; text-align: justify;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="Description: images" id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 186pt; left: 0; margin-left: 23.25pt; margin-top: 310.15pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 150.75pt; z-index: -251653120;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="images" src="file:///C:\Users\ZAENAL~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">Kompos adalah pupuk yang dibuat dari sampah organik seperti sayuran, daun dan ranting, serta kotoran hewan melalui proses degradasi atau penguraian oleh mikroorganisme tertentu. Pembuatan kompos dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kultur mikroorganisme, atau cacing tanah. Contoh kultur mikroorganisme yang telah banyak dijual adalah EM4 (Effective microorganisme 4) atau bokashi. Kompos juga dapat dibuat dengan bantuan cacing tanah karena cacing tanah mampu menguraikan bahan organik. Cacing tanah akan menguraikan bahan-bahan kompos yang sudah diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme.</div><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"> </div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><b><i><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daur Ulang</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai jenis limbah padat dapat mengalami proses daur ulang menjadi produk baru. Proses daur ulang sangat berguna untuk mengurangi timbunan sampah karena bahan buangan diolah menjadi bahan yang dapat digunakan kembali. Contohnya, limbah kertas dapat di daur ulang menjadi kertas kembali. Selain contoh diatas, masih terdapat berbagai produk lain yang dihasilkan dari bahan daur ulang. Contohnya kemasan yang terbuat dari plastik dapat di daur ulang menjadi ransel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun kelemahan proses daur ulang, proses daur ulang masih menghasilkan polutan<span> </span>sebagai hasil sampingan atau sisa proses daur ulang. Di tambah lagi jenis bahan tertentu proses daur ulang lebih memakan biaya dan kendala utamanya adalah sulitnya memisahkan bahan yang akan di daur ulang dari sampah lain. Namun ada juga produk-produk tertentu yang memiliki kandungan berbagai bahan berbeda sehingga hampir tidak mungkin dipisahkan untuk di daur ulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIMBAH CAIR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Limbah cair industri pertanian sangat banyak karena air digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1). membersihkan bahan pangan dan peralatan pengolahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2). menghanyutkan bahan-bahan yang tidak dikehendaki (kotoran).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Limbah cair yang berasal dari industri pertanian banyak mengandung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bahan-bahan organik (karbohidrat, lemak dan protein) karena itumudah sekali busuk dengan menimbulkan masalah polusi udara (bau) dan polusi air. Pengelolaan limbah cair yang umum dilakukan adalah perlakuan primer, sekunder dan tersier (penjelasannya pada pokok bahasan mengelola limbah secara fisik).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Limbah cair banyak mengandung bahan organik yang merupakan nutrient untuk mikroorganisme, karena itu mikroorganisme akan berkembang biak dengan cepat, dan dalam proses itu menghabiskan oksigen yang terlarut dalam air. Akibatnya air menjadi kotor dan berbau busuk sehingga kehidupan akuatik mati. Secara normal, air mengandung kirakira 8 ppm oksigen terlarut. Standar minimum oksigen terlarut untuk kehidupan ikan adalah 5 ppm dan di bawah standar ini akan menyebabkan kematian ikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kandungan bahan organik dari suatu limbah dinyatakan dengan parameter BOD atau “<i>Biological Oxygen Demand</i>”. BOD dapat didefinisikan sebagai jumlah oksigen terlarut yang dikonsumsi atau digunakan oleh kegiatan kimia atau mikrobiologik, bila suatu contoh air disimpan selama 5 hari pada suhu 200 C. Oleh karena itu oksigen dibutuhkan untuk oksidasi bahan organik, maka BOD menunjukkan indikasi kasar banyaknya kandungan bahan organik dalam contoh air tersebut. Efluen (air buangan) dengan BOD tinggi dapat menimbulkan masalah polusi bila dibuang langsung ke dalam suatu perairan, karena akibat pengambilan oksigen ini akan segera mengganggu seluruh keseimbangan ekologik dan bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian ikan dan biota perairan lainnya. Contoh kelebihan nitrogen dan fosfor dalam air yang berasal dari industri pertanian menyebabkan suatu keadaan yang tidak seimbang yang disebut eutrofikasi yaitu suatu keadaan yang melibatkan banyak faktor seperti kekeruhan, sedimen, produktivitas dan suhu rata-rata. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dilihat dari jenis dan wujud limbah pertanian, maka limbah cair harus lebih diperhatikan karena apabila limbah cair ini tidak dikelola secara baik akan dapat menimbulkan gangguan, baik terhadap lingkungan maupun kehidupan yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Gangguan terhadap Kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Limbah cair sangat berbahaya terhadap kesehatan manusia mengingat bahwa banyak penyakit yang dapat ditularkan melalui air limbah. Limbah cair ini ada yang hanya berfungsi sebagai media pembawa saja seperti penyakit kolera, radang usus, hepatitis infektiosa, serta skhistosomiasis. Selain sebagai pembawa penyakit di dalam limbah cair itu sendiri banyak terdapat bakteri pathogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Gangguan terhadap Kehidupan Biotik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dengan banyaknya zat pencemar yang ada di dalam air limbah, maka akan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">menyebabkan menurunnya kadar oksigen yang terlarut di dalam air limbah. Dengan demikian akan menyebabkan kehidupan di dalam air yang membutuhkan oksigen akan terganggu, dalam hal ini akan mengurangi perkembangannya. Selain kematian kehidupan di dalam air disebabkan karena kurangnya oksigen di dalam air dapat juga disebabkan karena adanya zat beracun yang berada di dalam air limbah tersebut. Selain matinya ikan dan bakteri-bakteri di dalam air juga dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada tanaman atau tumbuhan air. Sebagai akibat matinya bakteribakteri, maka proses penjernihan sendiri yang seharusnya bisa terjadi pada air limbah menjadi terhambat. Sebagai akibat selanjutnya adalah air limbah akan sulit untuk diuraikan. Selain bahan-bahan kimia yang dapat mengganggu kehidupan di dalam air, maka kehidupan di dalam air juga dapat terganggu dengan adanya pengaruh fisik seperti adanya temperature tinggi yang dikeluarkan oleh industri yang memerlukan proses pendinginan. Panasnya air limbah ini dapat mematikan semua organisme apabila tidak dilakukan pendinginan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang ke dalam saluran air limbah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Gangguan terhadap Keindahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dengan semakin banyaknya zat organik yang dibuang oleh perusahaan yang memproduksi bahan organik seperti tapioka, maka setiap hari akan dihasilkan air limbah yang berupa bahan-bahan organik dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Ampas yang berasal dari pabrik ini perlu dilakukan pengendapan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang ke saluran air limbah, akan tetapi memerlukan waktu yang sangat lama. Selama waktu tersebut maka air limbah mengalami proses pembusukan dari zat organik yang ada di dalamnya. Sebagai akibat selanjutnya adalah timbulnya bau hasil pengurangan dari zat organik yang sangat menusuk hidung. Di samping bau yang ditimbulkan, maka dengan menumpuknya ampas akan memerlukan tempat yang banyak dan mengganggu keindahan tempat di sekitarnya. Pembuangan yang sama akan dihasilkan juga oleh perusahaan yang menghasilkan minyak dan lemak, selain menimbulkan bau juga menyebabkan tempat di sekitarnya menjadi licin. Selain bau dan tumpukan ampas yang mengganggu, maka warna air limbah yang kotor akan menimbulkan gangguan pemandangan yang tidak kalah besarnya. Keadaan yang demikian akan lebih parah lagi, apabila pengotoran ini dapat mencapai daerah pantai di mana daerah tersebut merupakan daerah tempat rekreasi bagi masyarakat sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan utama pengolahan limbah cair adalah untuk mengurangi BOD, partikel tercampur, ayau membunuh organisme patogen. Selain itu, diperlukan juga tambahan pengolahan untuk menghilangkan bahan nutrisi, komponen beracun, serta bahan yang tidak dapat didegradasikan agar konsentrasi yang ada menjadi rendah. Untuk itu pengolahan secara bertahap agar bahan tersebut di atas dapat dikurangi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses pengolahan limbah cair pada prinsipnya terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">proses pengolahan primer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span> </span>proses pengolahan sekunder.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses pengolahan tersier.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Proses Pengolahan Primer<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses pengolahan air buangan primer pada prinsipnya terdiri dari tahap-tahap untuk memisahkan air dari limbah padatan, yaitu dengan cara<span> </span>membiarkan padatan tersebut mengendap atau memisahkan bagian-bagian padatan yang mengapung seperti daun, plastik, kertas, dan lain sebagainya. Proses penanganan primer terdiri dari beberapa tahap sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Penyaringan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">. Bahan-bahan buangan yang mengapung yang berukuran besar dihilangkan dari air buangan dengan cara mengalirkan air tersebut melalui saringan. Dalam tahap ini dapat juga digunakan suatu alat yang disebut kominutor, yaitu suatu alat yang dapat menyaring sambil menghancurkan limbah padatan. Bahan-bahan yang telah terpotongpotong atau dihancurkan akan tetap berada di dalam air dan akan dipisahkan kemudian di dalam tangki pengendap.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pengendapan dan pemisahan benda-benda kecil</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">. Pasir, benda-benda kecil hasil hancuran padatan dari tahap pertama dibiarkan mengendap pada dasar suatu tabung. Endapan yang dihasilkan dari proses ini<span> </span>dipisahkan dan dapat digunakan untuk menutup tanah untuk tanah pertanian atau keperluan lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pemisahan endapan. Setelah dipisahkan dari benda-benda kecil, air<span> </span>buangan masih mengandung padatan tersuspensi. Padatan ini dapat<span> </span>mengendap jika aliran air buangan diperlambat, dan proses ini dilakukan<span> </span>di dalam tangki sedimentasi. Padatan tersuspensi yang mengendap disebut Lumpur mentah dan dikumpulkan untuk dibuang. Air hasil proses penanganan primer yang telah dihilangkan padatan dan padatan tersuspensinya kemudian diberi perlakuan dengan gas khlorin sebelum dibuang ke sungai atau saluran air. Tujuan pemberian gas khlorin adalah untuk membunuh bakteri penyebab penyakit yang dapat membahayakan lingkungan. Proses penanganan primer dapat menghilangkan kira-kira sepertiga BOD dan padatan tersuspensi dan beberapa persen dari komponen organik dan nutrien tanaman yang ada. Pada saat ini persyaratan konsentrasi polutan yang diijinkan semakin ketat dan mencapai konsentrasi ppm, oleh karena itu proses penanganan primer terhadap air buangan biasanya belum memadai dan masih harus dilanjutkan dengan proses penanganan selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .7in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Proses Pengolahan Sekunder<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam proses pengolahan sekunder dikenal dua macam proses yang biasa digunakan , yaitu proses <i>penyaring trikel </i>dan <i>lumpur aktif</i>. Suatu system lumpur aktif yang efisien dapat menghilangkan padatan tersuspensi dan BOD sampai 90%, sedangkan suatu sistem penyaring trikel yang baik dapat menghilangkan padatan tersuspensi dan BOD sampai 80-85 %, tetapi dalam praktek biasanya hanya mencapai 75 %. Penyaring trikel terdiri dari lapisan batu dan kerikil dengan tinggi 90 centimeter sampai 3 meter, dimana air buangan akan dialirkan melalui lapisan ini secara lambat. Bakteri akan berkumpul dan berkembang biak pada batu-batuan dan kerikil tersebut sehingga jumlahnya cukup untuk mengkonsumsi sebagian bahan-bahan organic yang masih terdapat di dalam air buangan setelah proses penanganan primer. Air yang mengalir melalui lapisan aktif tersebut akan dikeluarkan melalui pipa pada bagian bawah penyaring. Sistem penyaring trikel atau penyaring biologis merupakan cara lama dalam penanganan sekunder air buangan, sedangkan cara yang lebih baru disebut proses lumpur aktif . Pada proses ini kecepatan aktivitas bakteri ditingkatkan dengan cara memasukkan udara dan lumpur yang mengandung bakteri ke dalam tangki sehingga lebih banyak mengalami kontak dengan air buangan yang sebelumnya telah mengalami proses penanganan primer. Air buangan, udara dan lumpur aktif tetap mengalami kontak selama beberapa jam di dalam tangki aerasi. Selama proses ini, bahan buangan organic dipecah menjadi senyawa-senyawa yang lebih sederhana oleh bakteri yang terdapat di dalam lumpur aktif. Perbaikan proses lumpur aktif ini telah dilakukan dengan mengganti udara dengan oksigen murni. Dengan menggunakan oksigen murni lebih banyak bakteri yang tumbuh di dalam tempat yang lebih kecil. Sistem yang digunakan pada saat ini dapat mencapai efisiensi tinggi yaitu 90% penggunaan oksigen dibandingkan dengan 5-10% pada system konvensional. Air buangan kemudian keluar dari tangki aerasi menuju tangki sedimentasi dimana padatan akan dihilangkan. Proses penanganan sekunder ini diakhiri dengan proses khlorinasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses Pengolahan Tersier<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses penanganan primer dan sekunder terhadap air buangan dapat menurunkan nilai BOD air dan menghilangkan bakteri yang bahaya. Tetapi kedua proses tersebut tidak dapat menghilangkan komponen-komponen organik dan an organik yang terlarut. Jika air buangan tersebut harus memenuhi standar mutu air yang ada, maka bahan-bahan terlarut tersebut harus dihilangkan terlebih dahulu yaitu dengan melakukan proses penanganan tersier atau penanganan lanjut. Berbagai proses penanganan untuk menghilangkan bahan-bahan terlarut tersebut telah dikembangkan, mulai dari proses biologis untuk menghilangkan senyawa-senyawa nitrogen dan fosfor sampai pada proses pemisahan fisiko-kimia seperti adsorbsi, destilasi dan osmosi berlawanan (<i>reverse osmosis</i>). Sebagian besar bahan-bahan terlarut yang terdapat di dalam air buangan tetap tinggal di dalam air buangan tersebut setelah proses penanganan primer dan sekunder. Komponen-komponen tersebut biasanya tahan terhadap pemecahan oleh bakteri. Pengaruh komponen-komponen tersebut terhadap mutu air terutama karena menyebabkan perubahan rasa dan bau, mencemari ikan yang hidup di dalam air tersebut, dan mungkin membunuh ikan jika komponen terlarut tersebut beracun.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">LIMBAH GAS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Limbah gas adalah limbah berupa gas yang dikeluarkan pada saat pengolahan hasil-hasil pertanian, misalnya gas yang timbul berupa uap air pada proses pengurangan kadar air selama proses pelayuan teh dan proses pengeringannya. Limbah gas ini supaya tidak menimbulkan bahaya harus disalurkan lewat cerobong.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.05pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengolahan limbah gas yaitu Ada beberapa metode yang telah dikembangkan untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyederhanaan buangan gas. Dasar pengembangan yang dilakukan adalah absorbsi,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembakaran, penyerap ion, kolam netralisasi dan pembersihan partikel.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.05pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilihan peralatan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dilakukan atas dasar faktor berikut: Jenis bahan pencemar (polutan), Komposisi,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsentrasi, Kecepatan air polutan,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daya racun polutan,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berat jenis,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaktivitas,Kondisinya lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.05pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.05pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alat-alat tersebut memanfaatkan sifat-sifat fisik gas yang dapat terlarut dalam cairan. Beberapa metoda umum yang dapat digunakan untuk pemisahan secara simultan ialah:</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #515151; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-size: 12.0pt;">Siklon basah</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Modifikasi dari siklon ini dapat menangani gas yang berputar lewat percikan air. Butiran air yang mendandung partikel dan gas yang terlarut akan dipisahkan dengan aliran gas utama atas dasar gaya sentrifugal. Slurry dikumpulkan di bagian bawah siklon.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemisah venturi</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode pemisahan venturi didasarkan atas kecepatan gas yang tinggi pada bagian yang disempitkan dan kemudan gas akan bersentuhan dengan butir air yang dimasukkan di daerah sempit tersebut. Alat ini dapat memisahakan partikel hingga ukuran 0,1 mikron dan gas yang larut di dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><em><span style="color: #515151; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></em><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumbukan</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></span><em><b><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-size: 12.0pt;">orifice plate<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span> </span>Alat ini disusun oleh piringan yang berlubang dan gas yang lewat orifis ini membentur lapisan air hingga membentuk percikan air. Percikan ini akan bertumbukkan dengan penyekat dan air akan menyerap gas serta mengikat debu. Ukuran partikel paling kecil yang dapat diserap ialah 1 mikron.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><em><span style="color: #515151; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></em><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menara dengan</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></span><em><b><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-size: 12.0pt;">packing<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span> </span>Prinsip penyerapan gas dilakukan dengan cara mengkontakkan cairan dan gas di antara packing. Aliran gas dan cairan dapat mengalir secara</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>co-current, counter-current</em><span class="apple-style-span">, ataupun</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>cross-current</em><span class="apple-style-span">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="color: #515151; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembentur turbulen<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span> </span>Pembentur turben pada dasarnya ialah penyerapan partikel dengan cara mengalirkan aliran gas lewat cairan yang berisi bola-bola pejal. Partikel dapat dipisahan dari aliran gas karena bertumbukkan dengan bola-bola tersebut. Efisiensi penyerapan gas bergantung pada jumlah tahap yang digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #515151; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">LIMBAH B3 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum yang disebut limbah adalah bahan sisa yang dihasilkan dari suatu kegiatan dan proses produksi, baik pada skala </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumah_tangga&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rumah tangga (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">rumah tangga</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri" title="Industri"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">industri</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertambangan" title="Pertambangan"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">pertambangan</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan sebagainya. Bentuk limbah tersebut dapat berupa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">gas</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debu" title="Debu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">debu</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" title="Cair"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">cair</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padat" title="Padat"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">padat</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di antara berbagai jenis limbah ini ada yang bersifat beracun atau berbahaya dan dikenal sebagai limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (Limbah B3). Suatu limbah digolongkan sebagai limbah B3 bila mengandung bahan berbahaya atau beracun yang sifat dan konsentrasinya, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, dapat merusak atau mencemarkan lingkungan hidup atau membahayakan kesehatan manusia.Yang termasuk limbah B3 antara lain adalah bahan baku yang berbahaya dan beracun yang tidak digunakan lagi karena rusak, sisa kemasan, tumpahan, sisa proses, dan oli bekas kapal yang memerlukan penanganan dan pengolahan khusus. Bahan-bahan ini termasuk limbah B3 bila memiliki salah satu atau lebih karakteristik berikut: mudah meledak, mudah terbakar, bersifat reaktif, beracun, menyebabkan infeksi, bersifat korosif, dan lain-lain, yang bila diuji dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">toksikologi</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat diketahui termasuk limbah B3. Macam Limbah Beracun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah mudah</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> meledak adalah limbah yang melalui </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">reaksi kimia</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat menghasilkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">gas</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">suhu</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan tekanan tinggi yang dengan cepat dapat merusak </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan" title="Lingkungan"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">lingkungan</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah mudah terbakar</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah limbah yang bila berdekatan dengan api, percikan api, gesekan atau sumber nyala lain akan mudah menyala atau terbakar dan bila telah menyala akan terus terbakar hebat dalam waktu lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah reaktif</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah limbah yang menyebabkan kebakaran karena melepaskan atau menerima oksigen atau limbah organik </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroksida" title="Peroksida"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">peroksida</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang tidak stabil dalam suhu tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah beracun</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah limbah yang mengandung racun yang berbahaya bagi manusia dan lingkungan. Limbah B3 dapat menimbulkan kematian atau sakit bila masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui pernapasan, kulit atau mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah yang menyebabkan infeksi</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah limbah laboratorium yang terinfeksi penyakit atau limbah yang mengandung kuman penyakit, seperti bagian tubuh manusia yang diamputasi dan cairan tubuh manusia yang terkena infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limbah yang bersifat korosif</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah limbah yang menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit atau mengkorosikan baja, yaitu memiliki pH sama atau kurang dari 2,0 untuk limbah yang bersifat asam dan lebih besar dari 12,5 untuk yang bersifat basa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h3 style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://wildanta.blogspot.com/2010/06/penggolongan-b3-berdasarkan-sumbernya.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Penggolongan B3 Berdasarkan Sumbernya</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A. Sumber spesifik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah sumber B3 yang jelas dari industri dan diketahui mengandung B3 dan racunnya sudah diketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary sludge : Limbahnya mengandung senyawa organik yang mudah menguap.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chemical sludge : Limbah bahan kimia yang berasal dari koagulasi (pengendapan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Exces activity sludge : Limbah yang berasal dari lumpur aktif.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Digeste sludge : Limbah yang berasal dari pengolahan biologi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span>B. Sumber tidak Spesifik </span>adalah sumber B3 yang tidak jelas limbah itu berasal dan belum diketahui kandungan racun pada limbah tersebut sehingga perlu dianalisa.<br />
<br />
<span>C. Limbah B3 dari sisa kemasan, tumpahan, bahan kadaluarsa </span>adalah suatu bahan dinyatakan limbah B3 jika limbah tersebut merupakan , tumpahan, ataupun bahab kadaluarsa dari suatu produk yang mengandung salah satu atau lebih senyawa kimia (tidak memenuhi spesifikasi). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h3 style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://wildanta.blogspot.com/2010/06/penyebaran-limbah-b3.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyebaran Limbah B3</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melalui Tanah<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B3 yang mengenai tanah dapat diserap oleh tanah dan menyebabkan pencemaran.<br />
contoh : Detergen yang dibuang di tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b>Melalui Air<br />
</b>B3 yang bercampur dengan air yang ada di lingkungan atau alam menyebabkan pencemaran di sekitar lingkungan air yang tercemar.<br />
contoh : detergen, minyak tumpah di laut lepas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b>Melalui udara</b><br />
B3 dapat terbawa oleh udara melalui gas atau partikel yang menyebarkan ke berbagai tempat sehingga menyebabkan polusi udara.<br />
contoh : asap pabrik, asap kendaraan bermotor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoList2" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="NO-BOK">Metode pembuangan limbah B3 di antaranya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoList2" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoList2" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Metode sumur dalam/sumur injeksi (<i>deep well injection</i>)</span></b><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="IN"> limbah B3 dipompakan ke lapisan batuan dalam.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoList2" style="tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoList2" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Metode kolam penyimpanan (<i>surface impoundments</i>) </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span><span lang="IN"> limbah B3 ditampung dalam kolam-kolam yang diberi lapisan pelindung untuk mencegah rembesan limbah.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoList2" style="tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengelolaan limbah B3<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="background: white; color: #3c3032; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan Limbah B3 secara spesifik sebenarnya telah diatur dalam PP 19/1994 dan disempurnakan dengan PP 12/1995. Kemudian diganti dengan PP 18/1999 yang selanjutnya disempurnakan dengan PP 85/1999. Menurut PP 18/99 jo PP 85/99, pengertian limbah B3 : “…… setiap limbah yang mengandung bahan berbahaya dan/atau beracun yang karena sifat dan/atau konsentrasinya dan/atau jumlahnya, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dapat merusak dan/atau mencemarkan lingkungan hidup dan/atau dapat membahayakan kesehatan manusia.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="background: white; color: #3c3032; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam upaya pengelolaan limbah B3 di Indonesia<b>. Pertama</b>, adalah penerapan “produksi bersih dan minimisasi limbah” bagi industri. Teknologi end pipe treatment yang dipakai di Indonesia sendiri sebenarnya merupakan teknologi kuno (sunset technology) yang telah lama ditinggalkan oleh negara-negara maju. Namun para industriawan biasanya malas untuk mengganti teknologi pengelolaan limbah mereka dari end pipe treatment menjadi clean technology, karena adanya internalisasi biaya eksternal atas kerusakan lingkungan akibat limbah yang dihasilkan. Hal tersebut akan menambah cost tersendiri bagi mereka, apalagi dengan kondisi perekonomian sulit seperti sekarang ini. Inilah repotnya jika industriawan kita hanya mengejar short-term benefits nya saja. Padahal konsep clean technology melalui minimisasi limbah industri dengan model reduce; recycle; reused; recovery dan recuperation, bila diterapkan dengan benar dapat mengurangi cost production dari industri tersebut meskipun pada awalnya dibutuhkan investasi yang cukup besar. Selain produksi bersih, penanganan limbah yang memang tidak dapat tereduksi dalam proses minimisasi limbah harus ditangani sesuai prosedur dan tidak seadanya saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #3c3032; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua,</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #3c3032; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah pembenahan sistem hukum dan peraturan yang telah ada, baik itu untuk limbah yang dihasilkan di dalam negeri maupun untuk lintas batas limbah B3. Peraturan yang ada seperti AMDAL masih jauh dari mencukupi untuk melakukan pengelolaan terhadap limbah, khususnya limbah B3. Apalagi dengan lembaga dan sumber daya manusia yang belum memadai. Sedangkan untuk lintas batas limbah B3, Indonesia sebenarnya telah meratifikasi Konvensi Basel melalui Kepres RI no. 61/1993 tentang Pengesahan Convension on The Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. Namun pada kenyataannya, pada saat Panangian Siregar menjabat Menteri Lingkungan Hidup kabinet Habibie, turun rekomendasi untuk mengimpor lumpur dan sisa bahan galian dari Singapura yang dituangkan dalam surat no. B-495/MENLH/4/1999. Limbah dengan kapasitas 10.000 ton tersebut sudah dikirimkan sebanyak 6000 ton tanpa melalui proses Amdal terlebih dahulu, padahal PUSARPEDAL dan LIPI menyatakan limbah tersebut mengandung logam berat (Arsen, Kadmium, Krom, Nikel, Tembaga dan Timbal) dalam jumlah yang cukup membahayakan. Yang lebih aneh lagi, alamat PT. Bangka Dwiukir Lestari selaku kontraktor di Jl. Jendral Sudirman 8B adalah fiktif dan merupakan alamat kantor Harian Bangka Post. Lemahnya supremasi hukum di Indonesia inilah yang menjadikan seringnya kecolongan baik industri lokal maupun dari luar negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="background: white; color: #3c3032; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang <b>ketiga </b>adalah sesegera mungkin membereskan kelembagaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia yang memang mempunyai posisi yang lemah. Kedudukan Bapedal misalnya, yang hanya berfungsi secara koordinatif, sehingga seringkali ketika muncul persoalan dalam hal pencemaran lingkungan hidup, hanya fungsi administratif saja yang dijalankan oleh Bapedal, apalagi Bapedal yang ada di daerah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #3c3032; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keempat</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #3c3032; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yaitu melakukan evaluasi, inventarisasi dan pengembangan terhadap sumber daya yang kita miliki. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa sumber daya kita masih sangat lemah dan minim dalam memahami persoalan lingkungan hidup. Sedangkan yang kelima adalah adanya transparansi informasi kepada masyarakat luas, sehingga ada partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat untuk ikut serta dalam usaha pelestarian lingkungan hidup. Salah satunya adalah sosialisasi informasi mengenai limbah B3. Dengan begitu ada keterlibatan seluruh stakeholders secara seimbang dan aktif untuk memecahkan setiap persoalan lingkungan hidup yang akan muncul puluhan bahkan ratusan masalah seiring dengan berkembangnya industrialisasi di negari kita. Sebab bukanlah rahasia bahwa kita pun tidak ingin Indonesia disebut sebagai negara keranjang sampah !!!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Memberikan penyuluhan kepada para pemilik industri betapa pentingnya agar tidak sembarangan membuang limbah di tempat-tempat atau sumber aktivitas masyarakat sekitar yang mungkin dapat berbahaya bagi kehidupan manusia, serta lebih mengefektifkan dinas yang bersangkutan dalam hal melakukan pengawasan agar pihak industri tidak membuang limbah sembarangan sebelum diketahui apakah limbah itu tidak berbahaya bagi kesehatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div></div><!--[if !supportLists]--><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></div>bung bidinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17439138388813085854noreply@blogger.com0Mranggen, Indonesia-7.03345636821645 110.51966352617183-7.1153003682164506 110.47532952617182 -6.95161236821645 110.56399752617183